62 pages 2 hours read

If It Bleeds

Fiction | Short Story Collection | Adult | Published in 2020

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Background

Genre Context: Stephen King and the Novella Collection

Traditionally, the novella form allows writers to explore expanded story ideas without the need for elaborate plotting or character backstory common in novels. This gives the novella writer the appropriate narrative space to focus on a few characters while providing space for more elaborate plots and longer timeframes than those typical of the short story.

Stephen King has sometimes used the novella to experiment with his approaches to storytelling. His first collection of novellas, Different Seasons (1982), was published with the intention of demonstrating his versatility. Best known for writing horror fiction at the time, King wanted to prove that he could write stories in other genres, such as the crime drama (“Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption”), the psychological thriller (“Apt Pupil”), and the coming-of-age story (“The Body”). His third novella collection, Hearts in Atlantis (1999), is composed of stories that are all loosely connected, focusing on the lives of characters who grow up in the United States through the 1960s and ’70s.

King also uses the novella to focus on a particular theme or motif. As the title of Different Seasons suggests, each of the novellas in King’s first collection corresponds to a different season of the year. This points not only to the shift in King’s genre, but also to the changing moods and tones he employs in each story. Apart from featuring linked stories, Hearts in Atlantis continuously circles around the motif of the Vietnam War. King’s fourth novella collection, Full Dark, No Stars (2010) focuses entirely on stories with the theme of retribution.

If It Bleeds finds King settling into the later part of his writing career, blending elements of the many genres that have comprised that career. “The Life of Chuck” is one of King’s most experimental novellas, employing genre shifts and multiple perspectives to convey its themes about the immensity of life. The titular novella functions as a sequel to King’s Bill Hodges trilogy of books, baptizing the supporting character of Holly Gibney as a protagonist in her own right. Finally, “Mr. Harrigan’s Phone” and “Rat” both circle around their central characters’ private encounters with an unexplainable but deadly force, raising the theme of complicity and The Banality of Evil.

Literary Context: Holly Gibney

Holly Gibney is a recurring character in several King books. She first appears in the 2014 novel Mr. Mercedes as a supporting character who assists the protagonist Bill Hodges in his investigation to apprehend the titular Mercedes killer, Brady Hartsfield. Hartsfield is responsible for the murder of Holly’s cousins, Janey and Olivia Trelawny. Janey’s death, in particular, motivates the socially awkward Holly to work with Bill and his informal assistant, a teenager named Jerome Robinson. When Hartsfield plans to detonate a bomb at a concert, Holly is the one who stops him from fully executing his plan.

Hartsfield becomes the overarching antagonist of the Bill Hodges trilogy of books, which begins with Mr. Mercedes, continues with the 2015 crime novel Finders Keepers, and concludes with the 2016 supernatural thriller, End of Watch. Holly continues to work with Bill through these novels as a private detective. When Bill dies at the end of End of Watch, Holly becomes the owner of the agency they founded, Finders Keepers. She later enlists the help of Bill’s former partner, Pete Huntley.

Holly reappears as a supporting character in King’s 2018 supernatural crime novel, The Outsider. Holly is enlisted to help in clearing the name of Terrence Maitland, a man who is wrongfully accused of having murdered a young boy. Holly works closely with the novel’s protagonist, Ralph Anderson, and discovers that the perpetrator is a shapeshifting entity she calls an “outsider.” Ralph and Holly chase the outsider to a cave, where Holly manages to beat the outsider until it dissolves and is defeated.

“If It Bleeds” marks Holly’s first appearance as the protagonist of her own story. The novella thus gives Holly the narrative space to unpack the trauma of losing Bill as a friend and professional partner while also digging deep into her family dynamics, particularly the fraught relationship she has with her mother, Charlotte. The novella brings back several of the characters from the novels in which she previously appeared, including Jerome Robinson, Pete Huntley, and Ralph Anderson. It also relies on the concept of the outsider to inform the supernatural abilities of its antagonist, Chet Ondowsky. After “If It Bleeds,” Holly’s story continues in the 2023 crime novel, Holly, in which she investigates the disappearance of a child during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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